Long Point Environmental Folio, Chapter 16 J.G. Nelson and K.L. Wilcox, Editors, 1996

Construction and Land Management in the Long Point Area*

Andrew Skibicki

*This chapter is largely derived from Skibicki, A. 1993. "The Long Point Area: an Institutional and Land Tenure History and Examination of Management Needs." Long Point Environmental Folio Series. Working Paper #3. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario. Some changes after 1994 may not be recorded in this paper.

From the early 1900's into the 1970's, a complex array of institutional or administrative arrangements unfolded in the Long Point area. These arrangements have slowly shifted conservation and recreational land management away from the private and into the government domain. Since the 1980's, increasing financial and other operational restrictions have been placed on government agencies. Consequently, private stewardship initiatives have once again emerged as increasingly important tools in preserving and managing natural resources in sustainable ways.

In 1986, Long Point was recognized and designated as a World Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Biosphere Reserve was implemented under the broad philosophy of landscape planning. It has allowed local citizens and natural area planners and managers to view the Long Point area as a "living landscape". The area has a core of protected natural areas surrounded by active agricultural and other land uses from which local citizens continue to gain economic livelihoods (Lucas, 1992; Francis, 1992:2). The biosphere reserve concept has provided an opportunity to integrate a wide range of government conservation initiatives, private stewardship practices, and economic activities into a more coherent planning vision for the Long Point area.

The main challenge put forth in planning and managing such a "living landscape" is to balance natural area protection, biodiversity conservation, and recreational and scientific opportunity with the well-being of the surrounding human economy. This challenge is enhanced by the large array of responsible institutions with their differences in management philosophies, purposes, goals and objectives. As a result, the conservation situation in the Long Point area has frequently been criticized as too fragmented and uncoordinated to arrive at the form of sustainable development that is embodied in the landscape ideal of the Biosphere Reserve program. (Nelson and Day, 1985; Lucas, 1992).

Government Arrangements

Table 1 outlines the current array of major agencies and the related policies and legislative frameworks affecting natural areas planning and management for Long Point. Agencies and legislation are broken down into bi-national agreements, federal initiatives, federal and provincial agreements, provincial initiatives and regional and local land use control activities.

Table 16.1 Main Governing Bodies with respect to Conservatism in the Long Point area {from Sibicki, 1994: adapted from Francis (1992:1)}

Main Governing Bodies Policies and Related Documents
CANADA-UNITED STATES:





-International Joint Commission
-Great Lakes Fishery Commission



CANADA-UNITED STATES:

-Great Lake Water Quality Agreement (1978)
-Great Lakes Water Level Studies (1986 and 1992)
- Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes Fisheries (1980)
-Migratory Bird Convention (1917)
-Great Lakes Charter (1985)
-Great Lakes Toxic Substances Control Agreement (1986)
FEDERAL

*Canadian Wildlife Service
-(CWS) (Environment Canada)
-Long Point National Wildlife Area
-Big Creek National Area (Big Creek and Hahn Marsh Units
*Environmental Protection Service
*(Environment Canada
*Transport Canada)
*Fisheries and Oceans Canada








 FEDERAL

-Canadian Wildlife Act (RSC 1985)
-Canadian Environmental Protection Act (RSC, 1985)
-Forestry Act (RSC 1985)
-Fisheries Act (RSC 1985)Fish Toxicant Regulations
-Migratory Birds Convention Act (RSC 1985)
-Navigable Water Act (RSC 1985)
-Canada Shipping Act (RSC 1985)

~Great Lakes Sewage Pollution Prevention Regulations
~Pollutant Discharge Reporting Regulations
~Pollutant Substance Regulations

-Canada Water Act (RSC 1985)
-Environmental Contaminants Act (RSC 1985)

PROVINCIAL

*Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR)

-Provincial Parks (Parks and Recreation Areas Branch:

~Long Point Provincial Park
~Turkey Point Provincial Park
~Selkirk Provincial Park

-Simcoe District Land Use Guidelines
-Crown Land Properties:

~St Williams Forest Station
~Long Point Waterfowl Management Area
~Crown Land

-Agreement Forests

~Agreement Forest Management

-Inner Bay Fish Sancutary
-Simcoe District: Commercial Fishing Program
-OMNR - Fisheries Department
-OMNR - Wildlife Branch
-Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE)
-Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food (OMAP)
-Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs



 PROVINCIAL

-Provincial Parks Act (RSO 1980)
-Conservation Land Act (RSO 1990)
-Endangered Species Act (RSO 1990)
-Environment Protection Act (RSO 1990)
-Environment Assessment Act (RSO 1990)
-Conservation Authorities Act (RSO 1990)
-Wilderness Act (RSO 1980)
-Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act (RSO 1990
-Ontario Water Resources Act (RSO 1990)
-Game and Fish Act (RSO 1980)
-Ontario Heritage Act (RSO 1980)
-Pesticides Act (RSO 1990)
-Public Utilities Act (RSO 1990)
-Trans-boundary Pollution Reciprocal Access Act (RSO 1990)
-Dangerous Goods Transportation Act (RSO 1990)
-Aggregate Resources Act (RSO 1990)
-Ecological Reserves Act (Proposed)

-Southern Ont. Co-ordinated Program Strategy (1982)
-Ontario Foodland Guidelines (1978)
-Guidelines for Wetlands Management in Ont. (1985)
-Implementation Strategy: Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (1987)
-Wetlands Implementation Guidelines (1992)
-Natural Heritage Areas Strategy for Ontario (1992)
-Endangered Spaces Action Plan (1992)
-Biodiversity Conservation Strategy (in progress)
REGIONAL

*Long Point Region Conservation Authority (LPRCA)
-Conservation Areas
-Agreement Forests
-Lee Brown Waterfowl Management Area

Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk




REGIONAL

-Conservation Authorities Act (RSO 1990)

Fill, Construction and Alteration to Waterways Regulations

-LPRCA Watershe Plam (1983)
-LPRCA Lakeshore Management Plan (1992)
-Planning Act (RSO 1983)
-Municipal Act (RSO 1990)
-Regional Municipality of Haldimand-NorfolkAct (1974)
-Commission on Development and Planning Reform in Ontario (Sewell Sommission) (1993)

LOCAL MUNICIPAL:

Township of Norfolk
Township of Delhi
City of Nanticoke
Town of Simcoe
Town of Delhi
Port Rowan
Port Dover		 LOCAL MUNICIPAL:

Planning Act (RSO 1983)
Municipal Act (RSO 1990)
Commission on Development and Planning Reform in Ontario (Sewll Commission)

Figure 1 illustrates government ownership and regulation of land mainly for conservation and recreational use. Figure 1 and the other figures referred to in this chapter are presented as a set at the end of the text.

Figure 16.1 Lands Owned and Regulated for Conservation by Government Agencies (adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

Government ownership in the area ranges from the federal level (National Wildlife Areas), and the provincial level (Provincial Parks) (Photo 1) , to the regional level (Conservation Areas) (Photo 2). Numerous smaller, local parks are also administered in various municipalities but these are not mapped.

Photo 16.1 Long Point Provincial Park (photographed by K. Beazley).

Photo 16.2 Long Point Region Conservation Authority Agreement Forest (photographed by K. Beazley)

Figure 2 illustrates zoning patterns near Long Point, notably in the two townships of Norfolk and Delhi and in the City of Nanticoke. Shoreline and flood prone areas are dominated by hazard land zoning or - as in the case of Norfolk township - by areas identified as falling under the LPRCA's Fill, Alteration to Waterways Regulations. These regulations are designed to prevent the establishment of any permanent buildings or structures in flood or erosion-prone areas, but they aid in conservation of critical wetland habitat.

Figure 16.2 Existing Land Use Regulations of the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk (adapted from Skibicki, 1993.)

Many types of development are still allowed in hazard land zones. For instance hazard land zoning has not prevented the establishment of commercial marina facilities in flood prone and marsh-rich areas such as the shoreline of the Inner Bay. Hazard zoning has also not addressed increased boating traffic and recreational use in waterfowl sensitive areas such as the Inner Bay. These particular land and water uses have been frequently identified as threats to marshland habitat and to waterfowl and other wildlife use of significant natural areas (Cooper and Thompson, 1974, Wilcox and Knapton, 1994).

The zoning map (Figure 2) also serves to illustrate the concentration of commercial, urban, and seasonal residential zones within five kilometers of the Lake Erie shoreline. This is especially evident in Norfolk Township along the shoreline of the Inner Bay. The remaining land area of the township is primarily agricultural. In the past, seasonal residential and commercial development has been directed towards the scenic and biologically rich shoreline resulting in further human impact on the scenic and biological resources (Cooper and Thompson, 1974).

In 1984, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) and the Canadian Wildlife Service initiated a quantitative or numerical system for wetland evaluation. Wetlands were evaluated for their values in terms of biological hydrological, social and other special features including endangered and provincially significant animals and plants and migratory bird habitats (OMNR, 1987).

This evaluation resulted in a classification of provincial wetlands into seven classes. Classes 1 and 2 are considered provincially significant and Class 3 wetlands are considered of regional significance. In 1984, the province released its Guidelines for Wetland Management and embarked on the development of a formal policy statement for wetland areas with the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food (OMAF) and the Ministry of the Environment MOE (OMNR, 1992).

Under subsection 34(1) of the Planning Act of March, 1995, local municipal councils may pass zoning by-laws prohibiting all or any land uses. These by-laws also control the erection or location of any class of buildings in areas defined as significant for wildlife, wetland, woodland, ravine, or other natural and scientific purposes*. These provisions also apply to shorelines, significant natural corridors, sensitive ground water recharge areas and headwater areas.

The Long Point Region Conservation Authority (LPRCA) extends its flood regulations along most of the stream channels in the area. Municipal hazard land zoning is built upon these regulations and is intended to control development in riverine areas and along the shoreline. The zoning is geared towards the protection of property from perceived natural threats such as flooding or erosion. The zoning is not intended for nature conservation although it has had the beneficial side effect of protecting large areas of natural habitat associated with water courses and water bodies.

Hazard land zoning should be a key arrangement to consider when planning for a linked system of natural corridors in the Long Point region. As with wetlands, provisions in the new Planning Act give local municipal councils the capability to pass zoning by-laws to prevent developments within river corridors that serve as significant natural corridors*.

Aside from the foregoing zoning, any commercial and recreational fishing in the Inner and Outer Bay is regulated through the OMNR Fisheries Program and notably through the establishment of the Inner Bay Fish Sanctuary which is used to protect bass during the spawning period of May 15 to the end of June of each year (Figure 3). The Simcoe District OMNR Fisheries Program identifies areas where gill nets can be used and where trawling may take place (OMNR, 1983).

Figure 16.3 Other Lands Regulated for Natural Resource Conservation (adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

*Since the election of the Conservative Government later in June, 1995 this Planning Act is again under review and it is likely some of these provisions will be changed.

Private Stewardship

Figure 4 and Table 2 indicate the range of private stewardship in the Long Point area. The Long Point peninsula is under a high level of government ownership except for the Long Point Comapnay property and several smaller land holdings such as the Anderson Property, the Fight Club abd others. Further inland, the Hamilton Naturaliasts Club owns the Spooky Holllow natural area

Figure 16.4 Private Stewardship of Natural Areas in the Long Point Region (adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

Table 16.2 Local Citizen Groups in the Long Point Region. From Skibicki(1993) Source P. Weller(1989) and G. Francis (1992:1)

*Bluff Club (Private Hunt Club)
*Canadian Coalition for Great Lakes Regulation (Norfolk Chapter)
*Coalition Advocating Responsible Development (CARD)
Ducks Unlimited, Norfolk Chapter (Wetlands preservation)
~~*Long Point Ladies Ducks Unlimited
~~*Ducks Unlimited Greenwings
*Flight Club (Duck Hunting)
*Friends of Backus Woods
*Hamilton Naturalist Club (Woodlot Preservation)
*Inner Long Point Bay Fisherman's Association (Commercial Fishing)
*Lee Brown Hunt Club (Duck Hunting)
*Long Point Area Fish and Game Club (Fishing and hunting)
*Long Point Biosphere Reserve Committee (Conservation of Long Point Resources)
*Long Point Bird Observatory (Bird Research)
*Long Point Company (Private Hunt Club)
*Long Point Foundation for Conservation (Conserving and Protecting natural areas)
*Long Point Ratepayer's Association
*Long Point Waterfowler's Association
*Long Point Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Fund
*Norfolk Federation of Agriculture (Agriculture support)
*Norfolk Field Naturalist Club (Conservation activities)
*Norfolk Soil and Crop Improvement Association (Agricultural program administration)
*North Shore Coalition (Lobbying of government to control water levels)
*Ontario Marina Operators Association
*Ontario Trappers Association (Commercial hunting and trapping)
*Port Dover Fish and Game Protection Association (Fish and game conservation and enhancement)
*Port Rowan Fishermans Cooperative (Commercial fishing)
*Port Rowan/Long Point Chamber of Commerce (Tourism and business enhancement)
*Port Rowan and South Wllington Heritage Association (Cultual preservation and enhancement)
*Turkey Point Company (Private Hunt Club)
*Turkey Point Property Owners Association (Cottages Association)

Private stewardship lands complement the natural heritage areas identified by the OMNR and the Regional Government (Figure 5).

Figure 16.5 Significant Natural Heritage Areas Identified by the Regional Government and the OMNR (adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

A key private stewardship undertaking, the Carolinian Canada Landowner Contast program, has focused on several of the Carolinian Canada sites in the region including the Big Creek Valley - South Walsingham Sand Ridges, and the Delhi Big Creek flood plan. (Figures 5 and 6)

Figure 16.6 Significant Natural Heritage Areas Identified by Carolinian Canada and UNESCO (adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

Landowners contacted in the Big Creek Valley numbered 19 of 22 in 1990 and included 11 landowners who were involved in the Natural Heritage Stewardship (NHS) Agreement program for their holdings. Administered by the Natural Heritage League, this program allowa landowners to sign a written agreement to protect their land in exchange for various incentives and a Stewardship Award. This is normally a plaque signed by the Chairman of the Ontario Heritage Foundation and the Premier of Ontario. The Big Creek Valley has also been an area of land acquisition by the Carolinian Canada Program with 38 hectares purchased as of 1990 (Allen et al., 1990)

Significant Natural Areas

The range of Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) indentified by the Region was felt by non-government groups such as the Norfolk Field Naturalists to be an adequate representation of the range of natural features and processes in the area. In the late 1980's, in response to the Region's Offical Plan review, the Norfolk Field Naturalists re-inventoried the Region and selected 24 areas and 16 sites of natural significance in the area shown in Figure 7.

Figure 16.7 Significant Natural Heritage Areas Identified by the Norfolk Field Naturalists (Adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

A new official plan has been prepared to incorporate more areas in ESA's and provide higher levels of protection especially in the light of the conservation and sustainable development provisions and opportunities provided by the revised Ontario Planning Act (Since the elction of the Conservative Government later in June, 1995 this Planning Act is again under review and it is likely many of these provisions will be changed). Figure 8 shows the wetlands designated as provincially significant in the Long Point Area.

Figure 16.8 Provincially Significant Wetlands in the Long Point Region Identified by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (Adapted from Skibicki, 1993).

Constraints

Constraints on protecting significant natural areas and processes in the Long Poiint Region are mapped along a spectrum of campatibility, tension and conflict zones. Compatible zones are thise land or water areas where little or no change in land or resource uses has occured and where planning and institutional arrangments are generally seen as meeting the goals of the protected landscape ideal. These goals include the preservation of essential ecological processes, the protection of biodiversitu and resource protection, and the maintenance of a sustainable human economu and society. (Sibicki, 1993)

Much of the region's agricultural land that does not directly impact on known or recognized environmentally significant features is included in the compatibility category. Agriculture has long been the most important economic activity in the area and thus deserves careful consideration in sustainable regional development. On the other hand, strong efforts are needed to protect remnant rural woodlots and wetland areas.

Tension zones outline areas where challenges many be emerging in regard to landscape protection and sustainable development. However, no problems are as yet clearly evident as a result of land or resource use changes. Tension zones are also areas where future changes in land use seem likely due to new development proposals. One such development along the shoreline is proposed near Captain's Cover (Figure 9). Another important area of tension is the Big Creek floodplain and river valley.

Figure 16.9 Constraints for Protected Landscape Planning and Management (adapted from Skibicki, 1993)

Flood and Fill regulations and Hazard Land zoning along the course of Big creek have established significant linkages among conservation areas, agreement forest properties, Carolinian Canada sites and the marsh properties near Lake Erie. Howver, the Flood and Fill regulations and hazzard land zonging are not specifically established to protect river courses and riverine vegetation but rather to prevent property damages from flooding or stream bank erosion. They prevent the establishment of buildings or structures on flood plains and in flood prone areas but still permit farming and other activities such as hunting and snowmobiling.

Big Creek is impacted by agricultural runoff of sediments, pesticides and fertilizer in a number of locations along its course. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food (OMAF) Foodland Guidelines do not adequately address farming impacts on rivers and streams and also do not adequately protect wetland areas found on agricultural lands.

Areas are considered as conflict zones if unwanted ompacts arise from: i) a continuations of a historical and unresolved conservation and development issues; ii) an introduction of a new and potentially incompatible land ot water use; or iii) an increase in the intensity or aptical extent of an existing incompatible land or water use.

The Inner Bay can be seen as a conflict zone where recreational marina operations, cottage developments and boating traffic have placed stree on wetlands, marshes and the fish communities. (Figure 9). Marina operations and their associated dredging activities and boating traffic have expanded considerably in number and size since the 1950's. Municipal hazard land zoning and the Long Point Region Conservation Authority (LPRCA) flood and fill regulations have had little effect on such developments and activities. The result is concern about loss of coastal wetland areas, lower water quality, and impacts on waterfowl and other birds.

Another area which can be viewed as a conflict is associated with the inductrial activities at Nanticoke. These operations impact on fish species through the release of warmed water into the lake as well as emitting polluting sustances into the air. The Nanticoke Industrial area is a relatively recent addition to the mostly agricultural Haldimand-Norfolk landscape. This industrial area has a noticable scenis and environmental impact on te shore. Its local economic effects are undoubtedly important, although they are not known to have been studied in detail. Many employees are not local; they travel daily from larger urban centres such as Hamilton to work at Nanticoke (B. Osborne, Personal Communication).

Some Conclusions

Institutional arrangements need to be strengthened in the Long Point area so that they will allow the myriad of different agencies to address land use stresses and related environmental and sustainable development issues in a co-ordinated manner at a regional or landscape level.

Co-ordinated planning and management of wildlife, water and land may be impossible to attain when different agencies are concentrating efforts within their own jurisdictions and operating under differing policies, regulations and procedures. The current biosphere reserve arrangement serves a useful, evolving role as a forum in which the many different agencies and groups operating in the area can meet and discuss environmental conservation.

There is a need, in the Long Point area, to better integrate the management goals, objectives and actions of provincial and federal agencies and non-government groups with the municipal planning process.

Regional and township zoning maps and planning documents do not adequately acknowledge the activities, goals and objectives of the biosphere reserve, nor the provincial parks, the national wildlife areas, conservation areas and agreement forests. Municipal planning and management activities are still mostly guided by the provincial planning and municipal Acts which seem to have a narrow focus when addressing emerging natural resource development issues. The revision of the Haldimand/Norfolk Regional Official Plan offers a major opportunity to improve the situation.

Few institutional arrangements have been put in place to control the increasing amount of human activities on the water.

Federal and provincial legislation are directed mainly towards the regulation of shipping and commercial fishing activities and not recreational activities. The OMNR tries to regulate the size and nature of recreational fish catches and can limit human access to critical waterfowl nesting sites. However, OMNR has no mechanism in place specifically to address any damaging disturbances to waterfowl by power boats and other recreational vehicles operating in open waters such as the Inner Bay. There are fish and waterfowl sanctuaries to regulate fishing and hunting in the Inner Bay. The federal Fisheries Act could be applied to recreational waters associated with fish habitats.

There is a need to increase the public's overall knowledge and understanding of planning, management and decision making arrangements for natural areas conservation and sustainable development in the Long Point area generally

The high level of fragmentation in natural areas management for the Point makes it difficult for the public to gain a comprehensive view of conservation and development in the Long Point area. The Biosphere Reserve could play a important role in monitoring and communicating changes to the public through regular educational programs or information packages.

Work Cited

Allen, G.M., P.F.J. Eagles, and Price, S.D. (eds). 1990. Conserving Carolinian Canada : Conservation Biology in the Deciduous Forest Region University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Ontario.

Cooper, J. 1980. "Planning and Management of Long Point and Turkey Point Provincial Parks" Contact 12(3): 31-48.

Cooper, J.N. and Thompson, R. 1974. Long Point-Inner Bay-Turkey Point Study Area: Recreation Directional Statement Unpublished Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Simcoe, Ontario.

Eagles, P.F.J. and Beechey, T.J. 1985. Critical Unprotected Natural Areas in the Carolinian Life Zone of Canada Final report by the Identification Subcommittee of Carolinian Canada. Nature Conservancy of Canada, Ontario Heritage Foundation, and World Wildlife Fund Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Environment Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service. 1983a. Management Plan Big Creek National Wildlife Area Canadian Wildlife Service, London, Ontario.

Environment Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service. 1983b. Management Plan Long Point National Wildlife Area Canadian Wildlife Service, London, Ontario.

Francis, G.R. 1992. "MAB and the Great Lakes: A Context for the Conservation of Great Lakes Biodiversity" In Conserving Biodiversity in the Context of Great Lakes Biosphere Reserves Proceedings of a Planning Workshop Held at the University of Waterloo, March 26-27, 1992. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Francis, G.R. 1992. Unpublished list of main governing bodies and legislation pertaining to natural areas conservation in the Long Point area.

Long Point Biosphere Reserve Foundation. 1992. Long Point World Biosphere Reserve Pamphlet. Long Point Biosphere Reserve Foundation Incorporated, Port Rowan, Ontario.

Long Point Region Conservation Authority. 1991. Annual Report - 1991 Simcoe, Ontario.

Lucas, P. H. C. 1992. Protected Landscapes : A Guide for Policy Makers and Planners International Union for Conservation and Nature, Gland, Switzerland.

Nelson, J.G. and Day, J.C. 1985. "Wildland Management on Point Pelee, Rondeau, and Long Point Peninsulas, Lake Erie" Environments 17(3): 67-79.

Gartshore, M.E., Sutherland, D.E. and McCracken, J.D. 1987. Final Report of the Natural Areas Inventory of the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk, 1985-86 Norfolk Field Naturalists, Simcoe, Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1982. An Agricultural Land Protection Program for Ontario: A Discussion Paper Toronto, Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1983. Simcoe District Land Use Guidelines Simcoe, Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Provincially and Regionally Significant Wetlands in Southern Ontario. Interim Report -1987 Wildlife Branch. Toronto, Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1988. A Guide to Natural Resources in the Simcoe Administrative District Simcoe District Chamber of Commerce. Simcoe, Ontario.

Osborne, B. June 24, 1992. Personal Communication.

Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk. 1988 Official Plan. Townsend, Ontario.

Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk. 1991. Zoning By-law of the City of Nanticoke Townsend, Ontario.

Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk. 1991. Zoning By-law of the Township of Delhi Townsend, Ontario.

Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk. 1991. Zoning By-law of the Township of Norfolk Townsend, Ontario.

Robinson, J. 1996. Canadian Wildlife Service. Personal Communication.

Skibicki, A. 1993. The Long Point Region: and Institutional and Land Tenure History and Examination of Management Needs The Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Working Paper 3. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Wilcox, K. and Knapton, R. 1994. An Ecosystem Approach to Management of Long Point's Inner Bay: An Internationally Significant Staging Area for Waterfowl Long Point Environmental Folio Series. (Nelson, J.G. and Lawrence, P.L. eds). Technical Paper 5. Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Weller, P. 1989. Interests and Concerns of Non-governmental Groups in the Long Point Area A Report to the Long Point Biosphere Reserve Committee. School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.